Updated October 2025

Originally this page had to be conclusive, merging the results of my search for a net force, a net force between electric charges first and then between color charges too. Since then new storylines has come to existence. NEG, where space turns out not to be curved, while Einstein's equations still remain completely valid. QQD, where nuclear colors are replaced by quaternion units and color theory is rather SU(2) or SO(4) than SU(3). QG, wherein so much has found its place.

This page is an overview, a kind of abstract, mainly of TONE, my Theory Of Nearly Everything, but also from some pages outside of TONE. It is a mixture of its goal in 2007 (net force of electric charges) and 2008 (net force of color force) and what the whole of it finally has become, since 2011 (gravitation) and 2012 (quaternions) up until now.

A list of storyline abbrev's as NEG and QQD, is in the contents page of this website.

 

Net Forces, Gravitation and the Big Bang

When there is a group of colors and they repel or attract each other, such a color collective might yield a color net force. Page 1 of this storyline NET FORCE gives a mechanism how a neutral collective of real electric charges contracts and causes an attractive force on electric charges outside the collective. A likewise force then should act between the virtual electric charges in every single contributing Feynman diagram, that's the goal of page 2 of this storyline. And so we presume a likewise force to act between the virtual colors in every single contributing Feynman diagram. The storyline NET FORCES IN QCD (removed now, remaining only page 9 at the end of storyline QCD) was originally set up in order to find an attracting remnant force between quarks and gluons that can be identified with gravitation. The last paragraph of this page is the original contents of the first try as it was written somewhere in 2008, quite unfinished as it is.

The contraction of the collective of real electric charches turns out to be the Van Der Waals force. The force between the virtual electric charges turned out to be zero. And for gravitation I found a mechanism that is quite different.

The vacuum consists of solid marbles, static not-contracting not-expanding marbles. Every time a coupling between real particles takes place, a vacuum marble, a Higgs field particle as we call it, is absorbed. This is the mass absorption from the Higgs field. A marble disappears out of the vacuum marble sea, leaving behind a hole. The surrounding field of marbles sinks into the hole while dragging along with it all particles in it and all light rays traversing it, standing-still particles as well as moving particles.

The vacuum always starts out as flat space, Minkowski space, not curved. Then disappearing vacuum marbles curve spacetime, and the subsequent act of gravitation curves it back. This is worked out the best in page 5 of NEG, however read first page 3 and 4 of the NEG storyline.

Gravitation is a kind of streaming of vacuum marbles, a liquid Bose condensate, excluding other forms to contribute.

In strong gravitation fields sole vacuum marbles - maybe even patches - may tear of, or boil from the vacuum marble grid, in doing so forming a kind of tiny universes superposed to ours.

In the original theory the field of all possible velocities is used. A vacuum marble is taken out of the only field of all possible velocities that is standing still with respect to the Higgs field absorbing particle. At page 4 of EXPAN the Big Bang is described and from this description the expansion of the universe is derived, including the expansion of the vacuum. The field of all possible velocities is replaces by, is set equal to, the field of all possible expansions. The Higgs field vacuum marble now is absorbed from that field wherein the mass absorbing particle is in the center of the universe, the only place that is standing still with respect to the mass absorbing particle. The subsequent filling in of the hole yet has to be formulated in terms of an expanding frame.

At page 2 of QG the vacuum marbles of NEG are identified with gluon pairs. A quark or gluon is always immersed in the vacuum marble sea, a sea of color. In The Spin Consideration at page 3 of QG, the Higgs field is proposed as a short-living intermediate state between the gravitational vacuum marble sea and matter, a result that is adopted since. The vacuum should consist of spin-2 gluon pairs and the Higgs field is proposed as a short-living spin 0 intermediate state between the gravitational vacuum marble sea and matter. However, the colored-quarks version of the Higgs field later turned out to work for the 3rd generation only, see page 4 and 5 of QG. Although it is still uncertain whether there are three different Higgs field, one for each generation, or that there is only one Higgs field that on the spot is converted to one of the two lower energy Higgs fields. Don't forget the vacuum (the vacuum marble sea), the gravitational field and the Higgs field are identified with each other, as well as with the field of all possible velocities and the field of all possible expansions.
 

Backward Time Evolving Dark Antimatter Galaxies

The backward time evolving version of my theory of gravitation starts at page 1 of EXPAN (grey buttons). In page 1 and 2 of EXPAN is shown the backward evolving version leads to assume the existence of backward time evolving dark galaxies that neutralizes the gravitation of all our matter. A static universe is a possibility, the BB (Big Bang) is no longer needed to cancel the gravitational contraction of all galaxies. But still a BB is assumed. Maybe the BB and the subsequent Milne expansion of the universe is the Dark Energy (mind the capitals), see paragraph The acceleration of the expansion of the universe at page 3 of EXPAN. Or maybe I cannot explain the acceleration of the expansion of the universe, usually attributed to Dark Energy.

Dark behavior is just the mirror image in xyz-space and t-time of our behavior. However, the description of dark behavior, the behavior of the antimatter in antimatter galaxies as we observed it from here, cannot be given without a somewhat laborous formulation as dark flow erases velocity, see paragraph Time reversed gravitation at page 2 of EXPAN. This might be so because the basic multiplication rules are different there as observed from us, that is the conjecture. See paragraph Dark multiplication rules at page 2 of QG. But that is only as we observe them. When they see their own world, they just see normal behavior, just like we see here. They see us erasing velocities, because we have different multiplication rules from their point of view.

And then there are the inconsistencies that so resemble the paradoxes in timetravel. I just haven't addressed this well yet, except for that the dynamics of the time border is just so as to keep it clean from matter accumulating there, see (2.3) in paragraph The gravitational field and the expansional field at page 2 of EXPAN. A bad story about time travel is in A bizarre story at page 2 of the storyline TIMETRAVEL.

The storyline FBTIME lays the foundation for (pages 1, 2, 3) and then makes the preparations for (pages 4, 5, 6) a travel to one such a dark galaxy. Then the travel itself (page 7) and finally the meeting there with a backward time evolving dark alien (page 8). Especially the story at page 8 shows that the paradoxes of backward time evolving dark antimatter and the time travel inconsistencies have a lot in common.
 

QQD versus QCD

QCD renormalization calculates from 3 quarks in white start state onto those 3 quarks in white end state along all possible ways the reaction might have taken place. It is a big brother copy of QED.

In the storyline QQD, Quantum Quaternion Dynamics, color is replaced by quaternion units. The calculation rules of quaternions making up colors are completed now and without contradictions. The mapping of QQD on SU(3) is missing, but there is argued SU(2) and SO(4) is a better candidate for the color force, the strong nuclear force. The most complete argument is at page 9 of QQD, about quaternion units as product of Pauli matrices.

Particles have color and antiparticles have anticolor. If this weren't the case then Minus Sign Go Wild would rule. Minus Sign Go Wild is that every multiplication or division of a color by an integer number or other color or anticolor would yield an existing particle state. Each applied line of quaternion algebra would embody the corresponding particle interaction. The merging of physics and mathematics.

However, within the ideas of this website,

1) the electron (color -1) as well as the positron (color +1) would easily be absorbed by the quarks in the nucleus, since it would be no objection that quarks got anticolor (color * -1 = the anticolor, e.g. i * -1 = -i). Now it are only the positrons that could be absorbed easily, if it weren't for the electric repulsion with the nucleus. See paragraph Electrons as Baryons at page 4 of QG.

2) If particles could have anticolor, we would lose our only Dark Matter candidate, the -1 glueball, because the spin 1 color -1 gluon that the glueball is, would easily be absorbed by any quark in the proton or neutron. See text just below Fig. 3.9 at page 3 of QCD and see The only clue for Dark Matter (...) in the column at the right at page 2 of EXPAN.

3) Protons as well as neutrons would be 25 % of the time in a normal i, j, k color state and 75 % of the time in a state of one quark with color and two quarks with anticolor. See Application 4: Baryons at page 7 of QQD, after the black bar.

Therefore we accept that particles have color and antiparticles have anticolor and reject Minus Sign Go Wild.

Also diverting from the straight line are gluNons, see page 7 of QCD. A gluon pair can be called a glu2on, a gluNon state with n=2. If gluon pairs can, then larger color collectives will do too, is the message. Color collectives are white gluNon states, white states of N bound (not merging) gluons. White gluNons are called glueNballs. They should add to the superposition.

Provided there is point to the gluNon concept, all possible gluNon states should be automatically included too in QCD renormalization, although the QCD calculation rules need to be extended with gluNon rules. The gluNon states with higher N and non-zero orbital impulse momentum will be polarized in difficult ways. One has to incorporate all possible polarizations.

According to (1.12) at page 4 of QCD, the three quarks in the baryon are always at the corners of an equilateral triangle with sides of (a little less than) 0.9 fm. The spinpuzzle in the column at the right at that page argues that in the proton the spin directions of the u-u axis and of the d-quark may distort each other in such a way that the three quarks don't add up to a 1/2 spin of the proton. QM demands that always a spin 1/2 is measured and so it will be, but the interior of the proton doesn't do so. If this is right, then all possible polarizations of gluNon states will be quite something to do in calculation. AI quantum computer needed?

Mind the coupling constant of the color force is about 1, there is no reduction of the Feynman diagram contribution when the number of involved colors grows. This is always the case for coupling constants equal to or larger than 1. Because the color constant is approximately 1, all diagrams, simple as well as complicated, do count with about the same weight. Only energy can be a restriction in superposing contributions. To represent the vacuum marbles of gravitation the color collectives should not contract nor expand.

Energy must be a constraining factor. I mean, when a whole universe of gluons and quarks forms a contributing superposition, larger in total energy than our whole visible universe all together - it feels as if this won’t work. Contributions with zero or sufficiently zero net mass absorption (sufficiently equal mass absorption and emission) can be allowed. Also contributions are valid with net mass absorption from the Higgs field that cancel out quite other contributions of net mass emission. In paragraph Do large numbers of N count? at page 7 of storyline QCD, is assumed in (nearly) ground state possibilities of higher N don’t count.

In paragraph Dark Mechanics at page 2 of QG is taken the E = mc mass-energy of antiparticles to count as negative. So maybe energy is not such a restricting factor to color collectives after all.

In Color confinement at page 8 of QCD, is proposed that for the 3 quarks in the baryon, the large reduction of states in the course of returning to white end state, causes a force keeping the colors within. It says: The strength of the interaction is inversely proportional to the remaining number of worlds in interference. It starts from the assumption of the overwhelming urge to maintain white state, isn't it? Page 8 needs revision. The process itself should automatically be incorporated in QCD. I didn't work at it for many years.

Can one color (one quark) emit two gluons simultaneously? In different directions? Only in opposite directions? If not, then per cycle of 10^-23 seconds there only are 0, 1, 2 or 3 gluons allowed to be emitted simultaneously by the 3 quarks in the baryon. The difficult part then is those gluons splitting in more gluons, forming gluNon states.

Why 2 baryons, like a proton and a neutron, don’t merge into one white 6-quark system? I guess it is energetically favorable to split up. But to calculate this is something different.
 

One Higgs Field for Each Generation and Four Quarks in the Shell

At page 2 of EXPAN, paragraph Massless coinciding, the backward time evolving version of my theory of gravitation leads to a way to construct the photon from an electron and a positron that are massless coinciding, to construct the gluon from a quark and an antiquark within their time borders, and last but not least to construct the neutrinophoton from a neutrino and an antineutrino. For neutrinophotons, see paragraph Neutrinophotons at page 4 of QG.

At page 4 of QG is argued the electron is the black quark, the antiparticle. And the positron turns out to be the white quark, the particle. Initially I thought Electrons don't feel the strong force, they cannot absorb gluons from the vacuum sea, so they need a Higgs field of their own. But at The color of the photon at page 5 of NET FORCE IN QED is worked out how electrons and positrons can be assigned a colorless color.

Within each others time border particles cancel each others Higgs field absorption and emission and can be massless. The time border depends on the involved gravitational field strengths, see (3.1), (3.2) and (3.3) at paragraph The calculation of the time border at page 2 of EXPAN. E.g. by coincide we mean: for electrons and positrons at the Earth surface, within a distance of about 10^-20 m, which is near to the highest resolution the vacuum marbles can support, as calculated in the pop-up frame radius of the Higgs boson.

Maybe a better formulation than Within each others time border is that their mutual distance is that small that the vacuum, consisting of marbles 10^-21 m apart, no longer can distinguish the particles as having a different location.

Four quarks in the shell at page 5 of NET FORCE IN QCD shows a similar way to construct the gluon from a quark and its antiquark, massless coinciding. (In fact construct two gluons from two such pairs of quark and antiquark, hence four quarks in the shell). This yields the possibility to construct spacetime and the 3rd Higgs field from spin 1 colored-gluon pairs, that are white in only one direction, the direction of time. In The Spin Consideration at page 3 of QG is shown a gluon pair has spin 2 in the vacuum (1 + 1 = 2) and spin 0 (1 - 1 = 0) in the short-living intermediate state that in fact is the 3rd Higgs field. For the time axis being the direction of white color, see page 2 of QG and also the speculations up to number (5.4) at page 5 of QQD.

At page 5 of QG is proposed the neutrinophotons as Higgs field for the 1st generation, the spin 0 photons as Higgs field of the 2nd generation and the gluon pair Higgs field for the 3rd generation.

And why more or less massive gluons cannot consist of three quarks? The 3rd quark has to be matter or antimatter, ending up with 2 matter quarks and 1 antimatter quark, or the other way around. I guess it is impossible to achieve zero net mass absorption from the Higgs field then, so the particle has mass. 1) The spin doesn't come out right for a gluon. You end with a half spin, as in the baryon. Gluons have integer spin, otherwise it are not gluons. 2) There is the rule that quarks have color and antiquarks have anticolor and so you cannot end with a colorless end state here. But that's oke, gluons have color. But that are lightspeed gluons, not massive ones. Massive particles made of quarks - baryons (3 quarks or 3 antiquarks) and mesons (1 quark and 1 antiquark) - have no net color. So no, there are no qu3ark states making up a massive gluon-like particle. (Say 3quark states to save you voice in pronouncing.)

And four quarks, will that do? Yes, that will do, see Four quarks in the Shell. That is, that part is about 4 quarks in 2 gluons. Here is meant 4 quarks in 1 massive gluon. And lightspeed gluons, when two lightspeed gluons merge, do you get a lightspeed gluon again, made of 2 quarks and 2 antiquarks? Their mass absorption from the Higgs field still is expected to cancel out. Maybe they are unstable and decay as soon as possible in two ordinary lightspeed gluons again each made of a quark and an antiquark. If not, then spin 0 gluons and spin 2 gluons made of 4 quarks will be possible.

To investigate color collectives in quaternions have be done yet, maybe page 8 of QQD will lead to something. I didn't work at it for many years.
 

Is the search for any net force quite over now?

At page 5 of NEG I say: A mechanism how the rearrangement of vacuum marbles actually works, is still missing. Shortly before this remark, in the sentence starting with As long as the box is closed, in principle something strange happens, I suggest that the rearrangement of vacuum marbles takes place as one single quantum jump and does not need any extra mechanism. Just after the rearrangement remark I note as a second suggestion that the theory of Erik Verlinde might come to the rescue, or the simulations of Renate Loll. Or E8 x E8, if applicable at all if there is no space behind the space. The hole should be filled by a force, see page 5 of NEG. Is that a net force acting between the gluons surrounding the hole? The actual theory of gravitation then might be a combination of the mechanism from page 3 of NEG and pages 1 and 2 from ELECTRIC NET FORCE IN REAL MATTER that follows my own old ideas. Or the mentioned persons should contribute another mechanism with the use of quaternion units as colors. No, the search for a net force between vacuum particles is not over, although I don't think it will be me completing it.

Is a net force in color collectives automatically included in QCD renormalization? Posing the question is admitting the quest for a net force is not quite over.
 

An Early Effort to a Net Force in QCD

The particles 1 and 2 are quarks now and the lines connecting them are gluons. The shown color depicts the color charge of the particle. Both quarks and gluons have color charge.

Despite the two virtual colorcharges appear in each others neighborhood, nearer than a proton diameter, at overlapping time intervals, they don’t see each other since the connecting gluon between them is missing. Particles in superposition without explicitly mentioned any reacting particle between them, don’t see each other, just like the electric charges in the according diagrams of QED. They live in different worlds.

1
2
Att: 0	0	0	0	0
Rep: 0	0	0	0	0
Net: 0	0	0	0	0

The next contributing diagram is

There is a law stating:

If the force-mediating particle has an even spin then equal named particles will attract each other and unequal named particles will repel each other.

If the force-mediating particle has an uneven spin then equal named particles will repel each other and unequal named particles will attract each other.

In the second part of the law one recognizes the spin1 photon causing negative charges to repel each other, positive charges to repel each other and an attraction between negative and positive charges.

1
2
Att: 2	0	1	1	0
Rep: 2	1	0	0	1
Net: 0	-1	1	1	-1

Cyan colorcharges repel each other and so do the magenta charges. The magenta and cyan charges attract each other. A previous attempt.